Head or Heart?

For most of this seemingly endless election year, Republicans have been speaking to the emotions while Democrats were speaking to the reasoning mind. President Biden was calmly reciting the many accomplishments of his administration while Republicans painted government as an overweening threat to our personal freedom and our cherished values. Their affirming audience resonating with that campaign style included (among others) evangelical Christians of a certain focus (abortion), white men who resented upstart women and minorities, and gun lovers (as in “they want to take away our guns!”). The language of fear, anger, and despair were the vehicles to convey empathy for those who felt ignored or even persecuted by a government that catered to women, immigrants, and poor people, and was prone to making rules that everyone had to obey.

Suddenly and with little warning, everything changed in July.  Biden out, Harris in.  Remarkably, a prosecutor turned attorney general turned senator turned Vice-President, and a woman o color to boot, was a powerful instrument in turning the flailing Democrats into the party of hope, joy, and unity, with the able assistance of a folksy high school teacher and coach turned Congressman turned governor. Republicans, who in the Trump era have been avoiding most serious policy discussions that appeal to the reasoning mind, preferred a message of fear and anger, but were stuck with trying to disown or explain away Project 2025,. This very wordy 900 page document appealed to the left bbrain with a detailed blueprint for a totalitarian Republican administration.

Nods of assent to proposed policies have always taken a back seat to the gut sense of connecting through the emotions when it comes to choosing a president.. Yes, policy matters, but voters know that the problems the next president has to address may be very different from what is going on right now or in the immediate past. So they are looking for clues about he or she thinks and feels and makes decisions. Those clues are found in the message it conveys about whose concerns are going to get the most attention in the next administration.  In general, polls always ask about issues, but  people vote as much or not more with their gut rather than their brain. Those poll responses about what issues matter most to them are probably the product of rationalizing their feelings than analyzing the costs and benefits of child tax care credits or the price of insulin.

If emotions are the key to successful campaigning (just like advertising), the important question in the 2024 Presidential election is, which emotions does the candidate want to evoke? Does love cast out fear? Does hope triumph over anger or despair?  After eight years of an endless campaign by Donald Trump in and out of office that focused on negative emotions, is It possible to turn the tables by making the election about hope, joy and connectedness with one another?

As an economist, we sometimes came across what were called natural experiments, since no one would give us an actual economy to play with. In this country, we learned a lot from states that adopted certain policies while others did not—a higher minimum wage, for example.  This election pits two emotion-based campaigns against each other.  I do have a preference about candidates, and also about issues, but the idea of two parties offering competing visions of American cast in terms of hope for the future is a lot more appealing to me as a voter than anger or despair.

Results from this more or less natural experiment coming in seven weeks to a polling place near you.

Ready for the Counter-Revolution?


Today is  the end of a month with three famous revolutions—American, Cuban, and French.  Did they make things better? Sometimes, for some people, at a very high cost. We are the heirs and progenitors of many revolutions.  The digital revolution. The industrial revolution. The printing press, which revolutionized 16th century Europe. The Green revolution, which was at the time believed the answer to world hunger but wasn’t. The Protestant Reformation, at least the left wing of it, which threw out lots of bathwater and several babies in the process.

 Actual armed battles were the chosen format for many of these revolts. One of my heroines is Boudica, Queen of the Iceni in Britain, The Iceni and their allies, led by Boudica, revolted against Rome in 60 AD and even won some major battles before finally being defeated by a more disciplined Roman army.  The Iceni and their Celtic relatives practiced democracy, unlike the Romans, which is good for peacetime but not so much in the military,

England’s Civil War began by beheading King Charles I and led 12 years later to restoring the monarchy. Twenty-eight years later, the Glorious Revolution ousted The Old Pretender, ran off the Young Pretender. and created animosity between Scotland (homeland of England’s Stuart kings) and England that persists to this day.   The bloody and endless French Revolution. The American revolution. The US Civil War (civil wars are also revolutions). The Spanish Civil War. The many revolutions against colonial domination in Asia, Africa, and South America.

In the 18th century, Americans tried to create a workable government to manage the public affairs of 13 very diverse colonies once they were free from the oppression of British rule.  That utopian vision is always the delusion of revolutionaries, the faith that keeps them going through Valley Forge and other calamities.  But no one ever anticipates a counter-revolution.

 The Roman Catholic Church officially launched a counter Reformation. The American Civil War was definitely a counterrevolution to protect the privileges of the while male hierarchy of the Southern slave states. France had so many counter-revolutions I can never keep track.

We citizens of the United States are in the throes of an attempted counter-revolution, long in the planning, detailed in its vision for post-democracy in America, and banking on this year’s election to bring it about, whether peacefully or with violence. It is a vision of what its proponents thought life used to be like when men (white ones) were men and women know their place and so did the lower classes, especially African Americans and native Americans. These counter-revolutionaries believe that an earlier America was a society in which we were only responsible for ourselves (we=men), women lived lives a modified version of he Handmaid’s Tale, teaching a dubious version of Christianity was mandatory in public schools, equality of opportunity and respect were lacking, and violence was the answer to everything. Rule by a privileged minority at the expense of a resentful majority.

And yet…there are increasing signs that democracy, like the phoenix, can rise from the ashes—maybe even put out the flames! We are all called neither to unwarranted optimism or to deep despair, but to active, engaged hope to keep our fragile democracy alive for the generations yet to come. Like the Minutemen of the original American Revolution, you are not called to violence but to support, act, and vote for democracy to survive.  As my fellow economist Eugene Steuerle says, “We get the government we deserve.”

Please Don’t Tell Me Otherwise (Confirmation Bias)

As an economist, I am baffled about the discrepancy between how economists think our brains work and how other behavioral scientists, especially psychologists, offer a different view.  Economists think we are very good calculators of costs and benefits and make the best possible choices. They also assume that we make our decisions based on our understanding of what is in our best interests.  I will just look at the first of these two assumptions today, saving the second one (do we really care about anybody else?) for another blog.

Sorry , folks, while we are flattered by all this admiration from economists for our reasoning and decision-making competence, it isn’t borne out by empirical research.  Our time horizons are short. (That’s called over-discounting the future, or inability to defer gratification.)  We also get confused by too many choices and make better decisions in our own self-interest when we are offered fewer choices. (That’s called bounded rationality, as opposed to President George Bush’s excess of choices in his prescription drug program.) We do care about others, not just ourselves, and for future as well as current generations. (That’s altruism, as opposed to pure self-interest).

The psychological defect I particularly want to focus on today is our tendency to accept information that confirms what we already believe to be true and reject any news that contradicts our intuition, our gut, our vision of how things ought to be rather than how they really are. And with the help of social media, we are seeing drastic and often harmful effects of confirmation bias in our choices of all kinds.

There are three predominant sources of confirmation bias in contemporary American culture. Two are old, one is relatively new. One is a herd mentality, driven by the desire to belong. A second, related source is social segregation, taking refuge in silos of like-minded people. The third, aided and abetted by the skills of artificial intelligence in recreating “reality.y.”

Was January 6, 2021, an insurrection or a slightly overheated tourist event?  Was the economy better under Trump or under Biden?   Is selling your insurance policy to support current consumption in retirement really such a good idea? Is climate change a hoax? Is Social Security going to end in 2034? Is the opposite of being woke being asleep? Differing answers to these questions are supported multiple “alternative facts” that feed off confirmation bias.

There are no simple answers to these flaws in the workings of our otherwise amazing brains.  It’s probably a good idea to step out of your silo every now and then and give your brain a chance to regroup..  MSNBC-ers, watch Fox now and then, and vice versa.  Talk to your neighbors whose world view is different from yours and try to understand why as well as seeking common ground. Support balanced media where you can find them.

Becoming more of our own cognitive limitations is a good place to start. If we can’t be honest with ourselves, how can we be honest with each other?  Asking ourselves, for example, why we should doubt the reality of climate change should consider the self-interest of fossil fuel companies and other sources of harmful changes in the atmosphere. Climate change also caters to our short time horizons and procrastination when the benefits are long-term and the costs are immediate. Exploring, alone and with others, the underlying questions of who reaps the benefits and who bears the costs of any particular policy choice should take you a long way toward deciding what you believe to be true, and why.                                                                                

Autocracy, Democracy,–Geriatocracy?

Beneath the heated debate over whether Joe Biden is too old for another term as president is a more fundamental question.  Why do we let all these old people hang on to their jobs and make decisions about a future that they will not experience, while those with the most to lose are underrepresented. (Full disclosure: I am a certifiable “too old to govern person at age 83.”)   A younger president and a younger Congress would be less moored in the past and present and more attuned to the big challenges of the future—climate change, clean energy, artificial intelligence, depletion of fossil fuels, species extinction, water shortages, pollution, income inequality, political polarization, etc. What I propose is a modified form of term limits that is well worth considering.

What would it take? First, it would require a Constitutional amendment that adds the words “and not or over 75 at the time of election” to the minimum age qualifications for president and vice-President.  AND to members of Congress.  It’s a much better, fairer way to get some needed turnover and fresh air in both branches of government. It would mean that we never again have senator over the age of 81, or a present over the age of 79. No more 100-year-old senators like the late Strom Thurmond!

 Having imposed it on themselves, these two branches could then extend a similar requirement for all federal leaders whose appointments must be confirmed by one of both branches of Congress. That legislative age ceiling should apply to all current as well as future appointments in the executive branch and the federal judiciary and should require departure when one turns 75. It is not unprecedented at the state level.  My home state of South Carolina already requires state Supreme Court judges to step down at age 72, and I know there are other states with similar restrictions.

It’s long past time to empower younger people to have a greater say in their future.

Joy at Midsummer

This week is the Celtic holiday of Litha, the summer solstice when the Sun God is at the height of his powers and the mother goddess is ripe with child.  The festival of first harvest is still six weeks away, because these are Northern European understandings of the seasons, and they aren’t harvesting much yet.  Here we are enjoying blackberries and blueberries, watermelon and corn.  Lammas, the first of August, is the second harvest in my part of the world, and also a time to plan for  for fall planting..

l the Celtic holidays are occasions for joy, singing and dancing and enjoying the unique gifts of each season in community.  So today, descended from lots of Celts on my mother’s side, I want to celebrate two sources of Litha joy for me: my communities, especially communities of family and close friends, and my little garden with its lantana and larkspur, blackberries and zucchini. 

My mother loved to garden. My sister developed new day lily hybrids. My brother owned a farm in Vermont where he raised cows and Christmas trees.  My grandfather had an apple orchard and various relatives had dairy farms.  I do not aspire to their breadth and depth as farmers, but my birth family nurtured a fondness for gardening.As the last surviving member of that family. I carry on their love of plants and a desire to see them
prosper, not just as a family heritage but also a source of joy and solidarity with nature.

My friends are a different source of joy, much of it in conversation interspersed with adventures, like walking on the Atlantic City Boardwalk and seeing a Broadway musical last weekend with my middle daughter, her husband and my oldest granddaughter.  Some of those conversations are deep, especially those with my oldest son-in-law and my youngest granddaughter. Others are light, funny, joyful, sad, affirming, challenging.

Reflecting on the joy of family and friends and of making, or at least abetting, the growth of plants, I find these two joys joined together in a charming poem written by retired Unitarian Universalist minister Max Coots.

A Harvest of People by Rev. Max Coots

Let us give thanks for a bounty of people:

For children who are our second planting,
and though they grow like weeds
and the wind too soon blows them away,
may they forgive us our cultivation
and remember fondly where their roots are.

     Let us give thanks:
For generous friends . . . with hearts as big as hubbards
and smiles as bright as their blossoms,
For feisty friends, as tart as apples,
For continuous friends, who, like scallions and cucumbers,
keep reminding us that we’ve had them.

     For crotchety friends, as sour as rhubarb and as indestructible,
For handsome friends, who are as gorgeous as eggplants
and as elegant as a row of corn;
And the others, as plain as potatoes and as good for you,
For funny friends, who are as silly as Brussels sprouts
and as amusing as Jerusalem artichokes,
And serious friends, as complex as cauliflowers
and as intricate as onions.

     For friends as unpretentious as cabbages,
As subtle as summer squash,
As persistent as parsley,
As delightful as dill,
As endless as zucchini,
And who, like parsnips,
can be counted on to see you through the winter.

     For old friends, nodding like sunflowers in the evening-time
And young friends coming on as fast as radishes,
For loving friends, who wind around us
like tendrils and hold us,
despite our blights, wilts and witherings,

And, finally, for those friends now gone,
like gardens past that have been harvested,
but who fed us in their times that we might have life thereafter.
For all these, we give thanks.

     \ 

House Hunters and the Way we Choose

I’m a fan of the various versions of the TV reality show House Hunters. No, I’m not looking, and no, I’m not into granite countertop and hardwood floors (okay, I have both) or other modern must-haves like farm sinks and stainless steel appliances (where would I put all my souvenir refrigerator magnets?).  I like the show because it illustrates the process of choice, and I’m an economist, so making good choices is what my vocation all about.

 I’m sure they probably consider more than three houses, but the format of the show is that they bring it down to the final three.  And for each one, the choice comes down to no more than three attributes.  Price and location dominate. Layout. Enough bedrooms. Entertaining space. Yard size.  Typically, it will be price and location and some third quality that might vary from house to house (#1 has a pool, #2 has a big yard, # 3 has enough bedrooms…). It is an exercise in what economist Herbert Simon called bounded rationality.  Too many houses, too many attributes, and they will spend another year or two in the crowded apartment.  Always, at the end of the show we revisit the house hunters in their new digs six weeks or six months later and they are satisfied with their choice. You have to wonder if they ever aired a show that ended up in buyers’ remorse.

It’s a useful exercise that any of us could replicate in buying a car, changing jobs, having a baby, getting married (not necessarily in that order), moving to a different town.  We start with a long list of attributes. One way is to make it a binary choice—change, move, quit, marry) or stay with the status quo?  Once we have opted for change, we are a branch down the decision tree.  What do we want in the new situation?  Which attributes matter more? Be near the city for her, or the job for him (or vice versa)? More indoor space or more outdoor space? Move-in ready or fixer upper?

If you have big decisions coming up, and especially if there is a partner involved with a different list of attributes, , I suggest a few episodes of House Hunters.. It can help you think through your decision-making process and wind up with a more satisfying outcome,

Mothering and Letting Go

I know mothers who are deeply engaged in their children’s lives. I don’t mean mothers of young children or adolescents. I mean mothers of adults, children who have graduated from college, moved away from home, got married, and had children of their own.  I am happy for them and hope that there is much joy in their relationships. I love my daughters and granddaughters, but I am not that kind of mother, and I think the feeling is mutual.

The separation process is challenging for mothers and daughters. As daughter of a mother, mother of three daughters, and grandmother of four more, I have experienced it first and second-hand. My own mother lived to age 92, the last 25 after moving to the town where I lived and wanting to be more a part of my life than I was willing to accept.

It begins when an adolescent girl says in some way, I have my own vision of my future and it’s not the same as yours.  My mother, who was raised in a very post-Victorian world, thought that every woman should a) get married, have children, manage a household and expect a man to support her and b) acquire a marketable skill in case she needed to go back t work. Every girl of my generation heard the options: teacher, nurse, secretary.  When my mother offered those options to me at 15, I said, I think I will be an engineer. (Source: Sputnik had just leaped into space, and my father, from whom she had been separated for 13 years, was an engineer—although he had no involvement with our family. Eventually, I became an academic economist.) 

I wanted to marry and have children, but my focus was on a professional career, not a backup strategy. My mother was a social butterfly in high school, while I was a born academic who knocked the charts off standardized tests. I dated faithfully to appease my mother, but my heart wasn’t in it until I met my future husband in college. She also passed on the traditional belief that sons were more important because they carried on the family name and had to support their families, so it was especially important that they get an education, while it might be wasted by a woman.  Betty Friedan, where were you? (Fortunately, my brother was not academically inclined, and went to a technical high school instead. And I worked while in high school to save enough for two years of college, but scholarships took care of it anyway.)

That’s not an uncommon story of the women of my generation, the pre-boomers (I was born in 1941) and early boomers. It was easier for my daughters, who grew up with the expectation of careers and marriage and maybe children.

The other part of the story was conflicting values. My mother was understandably cautious, and not adventuresome. She didn’t get a driver’s license till she was 55, and flew on a plane for the first time in 1961 to visit her first grandchild. My sister and I were both counting the days to when we could leave our hometown and see the world. She was a Republican.  I always joked that she was so relieved that I came home from my first year of collage neither a Communist nor pregnant that she didn’t mind that I had become a Democrat. (Many years later she discovered that her social and political values were more Democratic than Republican.)

But in other ways I am my mother’s daughter. I have her sense of humor and passion for writing. I like to sing hymns around the house. I am a pretty good seamstress, a skill she taught me. I am a better, more adventurous cook than she would even consider being. I share her love but not her skill at growing plants.  She had a passion for politics which both of us inherited from her grandmother who marched for women’s suffrage in 1913. We both could play the piano by ear and loved cats, 

Before she arrived here in 1976, mother had lived with my brother and his wife, which did not work out well for anyone concerned. Over time, I managed to set boundaries that allowed us to peacefully coexist in my small Southern college town. The day she died, she confided to me that the last 25 years in this place 900 miles from home were the happiest years of her life. I worked hard to get her to let go of mothering me in order to enjoy what I have at age 82—the freedom  to restructure life after the intensive stage of mothering, to be myself again, to set my own schedule, to have a cordial and loving but non-invasive relationship with my daughters sons-in-law, and grandchildren but my own social life and my own friends, causes, and communities.

My daughters are almost there. The oldest had only one child, who is in a slow transition from college to finding her place in the world, but it is happening. My second daughter is married but has no children, although she is a much beloved aunt. I had a beloved aunt too, also without children, that my sister and I adored.  And my children had such an aunt too, although she did have two adopted sons. Perhaps at a certain age we need to cease being their mothers and become aunts instead!  My youngest daughter has three children and is still involved in their lives, but change is headed her way.  All my daughters have careers, adult friends, community activities, and supportive spouses.

I look back on my mother’s life, its challenges and disappointments, her identity defined primarily as a wife and mother and grandmother. I am grateful that I was born in the first generation of both-and instead of either-or, a professional career and a family. I am also grateful that I found a husband who clearly stated he did NOT want me to live vicariously through him (I said okay!). My life after parenting has been full of opportunities, challenges, and adventures. As a mother, I am grateful that my daughters could lead both/and lives, and that my granddaughters are all on track to do the same.

Winner Take All

Winner takes all is endemic to American society.  Just ask Vince Lombardi (Winning isn’t everything. It’s the only thing.) Fierce competition for “success” has polarized and stratified our society between the haves and the have-nots. There is only one Oscar winner in each category, only one national champion in any sport, one successful candidate for every office on the ballot.

I learned a useful lesson in my congregation this past week.  We have been discussing proposed changes in Article II of the Unitarian Universalist Association bylaws, the section that sets forth our version of theology.  There is sharp disagreement over what changes are being made, a libertarian/humanist vocal minority on one side, the mainstream on the other.  My congregation has five delegates, and the board, in its surprising wisdom, will call for a vote and assign delegates to vote on each question in proportion to the intensity of the congregation’s vote.

How might we apply this elsewhere in our common life?  Well, there is ranked choice voting in place of poorly attended runoffs.  It is a little bit more complicated but a fairer representative of preferences.  There is the jungle primary in which all candidates for an elective office run and the top two candidates, regardless of party, advance to the November election. There are just two outlier states who allocate electors based on Congressional district.  There is the challenge of designated seats versus electing the top 2, 3,4 or 5 members of a city or county council –each option says something different about representation of minorities. There is redistricting, largely nullified these days by the Trump Court (they just couldn’t’ get around to South Carolina’s first district in time for this year’s election), but still a useful tool.

The Quakers gave us an alternative, also practiced by the early New England Congregationalists, of consensus—the sense of the meeting trying to come up with an answer that all could, if not endorse, at least live with—after everyone has a chance to be heard.  Works well in small groups.  My local League of Women Voters went through a consensus process this past week and emerged satisfied with both the experience and the outcome.

In the Olympics we honor the top three with gold, silver, and bronze.  Getting a bronze medal is still considered a great achievement. Perhaps we can find other ways of win-win outcomes in our personal and public life.

Many Happy Returns

Monday, April 15th is Income Tax Day.  I expect many of you are devoting part of your weekend to filling out tax returns now that March Madness (with a bit of April thrown in) has come to its final conclusion.  Some of us actually enjoy the challenge of preparing our taxes, but most people dread the looming deadline.

My field of specialization as an economist is state and local public finance, so I take a deep interest in tax policy. Earlier this month I participated in an educational program for the North Carolina League of Women Voters on tax policy, and I have a return engagement in May as they try to figure out what constitutes good tax policy.  

Some forty years ago economists formulated the basic guidelines. A good tax system should be adequate, generating enough revenue to pay for the services that citizens need and want.  It should be equitable, fairly distributing the cost of government among citizens according to their ability to pay.  The revenue should keep pace with inflation because when prices rise, it affects the goods and services purchased by government. It should be designed to encourage people to do “good things” like buying electric vehicles and insulating their homes and getting an education and contributing to charity, and discourage them from doing “bad things” like smoking and driving gas guzzlers. Or things that the government wants them to do, like spend their tourist dollars in your state and resist the urge to shop in other states with lower sales taxes.  All those incentives come under the heading efficiency.

Back in the 1800s, an economist named Henry George was a big proponent of the single tax on land. Most contemporary economists would disagree, affirming the need for a variety of taxes.  Why? You have probably heard of portfolio theory, the basic idea being that you can reduce your risk without reducing your return on investment by having a variety of assets in your portfolio instead of just one. Some assets are reliable and steady in the earnings, others have the possibility of great returns.  Some are stable and steady in value while others are volatile. Some are easily converted to cash (liquid) while others are not. !) Some taxes are better suited to the federal level, others to the state level (all but five states have sales taxes), and mostly the property tax and fees for services at the local level. !) Some taxes are better suited to the federal level, others to the state level (all but five states have sales taxes), and mostly the property tax and fees for services at the local level.

Like an investment portfolio, a tax system needs to resist using too many kinds of taxes, because that would increase the state’s cost of collection and the individual’s or firm’s cost of compliance. (Cost of compliance is what you are encountering this weekend.,)

The income tax keeps pace with growth and inflation but drops sharply in recessions. It can be made progressive so that more of the tax burden falls on those more able to pay.  The sales tax is more stable and ensures that everyone contributes, but it is more burdensome on low-income households.  The property tax is the best source for local government because you can’t escape paying it by moving away—the land doesn’t move with you!  It is also used to pay for local services that benefit local property owners, including education, road maintenance, streetlights and law enforcement. Excise taxes target particular products or people—gas taxes paid by drivers are used to maintain the roads they drive on, tobacco taxes discourage smoking, alcohol taxes discourage drinking (maybe). Business taxes (and tax breaks) figure into state to state competition to attract and retain business firms.

 Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said that “Taxes are the price we pay for a civilized society.” I mentioned that to one of my conservative economist colleagues and he said, “The price is too high.”  “Or perhaps,“ I said, “The amount of civilization is too low.” 

How much civilization do you want, and how much are you willing to pay for it?  Think about that the next time someone seeks your vote with a promise of a tax cut.  What services are we going to give up, or what debt burden will we increase to pass on to our grandchildren?

Saint Patrick and the Vernal Equinox

In ancient times, especially among the Celts, there were eight holidays—four sky holidays (the equinoxes and solstices) and four earth holidays. These holidays were occasions of singing and dancing and music and feasting and bonfires. They helped to signal humans to align their body rhythms of sleeping and waking, working and resting, to longer or shorter days and warmer or cooler weather.

One of those holidays we celebrate this week.  It was known to the Celts as Ostara, named for the goddess of the dawn. In the more inhabited parts of the Northern hemisphere, it marked the official start of the season of spring. Equinox means that the sun is at the equator, headed north in spring, south in fall, and our days and nights are of equal length.  Actually, right here in upstate South Carolina, that happened on the 14th of March, with sunrise at 7:40 am and sunset at 7:40 pm. The official equinox falls on the 19th.

As the Christian faith spread out to lands largely populated by pagans of various kinds, church leaders soon found that people might be open to the New Faith but still were attached to their eight holiday celebrations.  The easiest response was to ‘baptize” some of the traditional holidays by giving them a Christian interpretation.  This accommodation was most obvious in celebrating the birth of Jesus (since there is no known official date of birth) at the time of Yul or the winter solstice.  Birth of the Sun, birth of the Son. A new beginning.  The customs were easily combined, although there are still some very pagan hymns in many Christian hymnals, notably The Holly and the Ivy and Deck the Halls. Another holiday, an earth holiday that for Celtic pagans marked the anticipation of winter, was Samhain, which became Halloween or All Hallows Eve.  For Christians, as the vegetation was dying and many of the farm animals were headed for slaughter, it was also a time to honor our dead.

A third holiday that attracted the attention of Christian missionaries was Ostara, the spring equinox.  A new beginning and rebirth offered an ideal time to celebrate the risen savior.   Many of the customs of Easter, which is a movable feast based on the full moon in relation to the equinox, are borrowed from the Celts and the Norse pagans, including eggs and rabbits and new clothes.  But Ostara remained, even though Easter acquired the pagan name for its own festival.

Ostara was a popular holiday as flowers began to bloom and the days grew noticeably longer.  The answer to the missionary’s prayer la in Saint Patrick, the young Welsh priest who brought Christianity to Ireland. Patrick was not overly concerned about their celebrating earth festivals with dancing and singing.  Many Celts were open to the New Faith but unwilling to divest themselves of their ancestral customs and celebrations.  The unique compromise? In choosing feast days to celebrate the major Catholic saints, there was rarely any defined birthday or death date to designate the celebration of the saint on a particular day.  What better choice of day for the Emerald Isle to celebrate Saint Patrick than the vernal equinox? The wearin’ of the green, the shamrock that he used to teach the Trinity, the green beer and singing and dancing and Irish blessings mark this very Irish holiday everywhere as a charming marriage of Catholic faith and its uniquely Irish interpretation.

Patrick, in the fifth and sixth centuries, was flexible.  He could marry Catholic doctrine to Irish/Celtic customs with no difficulty.  So you don’t have to be Catholic or pagan or even  Irish to seize the occasion and celebrate the arrival of spring. As the Irish say, may the wind always be at your back, and the road rise to meet you on your travels.